Polymer molecules may combine up to million of monomers mers forming a onedimensional structure chain, twodimensional structure planar molecules or threedimensional structure. We choose to subdivide polymer structure into two areas. Structure development during polymer processing wiley online. Where multiple answers exist only one need be reported. Polymer processing and structure development arthur n. From the experimental results, the structure development of various polypropylenes during the stretching process could be evaluated, and then the polymer with the good stretchiability and film uniformity could be designed with the small amount of sample in a short time. Morphology development of polymerfullerene and polymer. An experimental approach by martin van drongelen technische universiteit eindhoven, 2015 a catalogue record is available from the eindhoven university of technology library isbn. The following combinations of components were investigated. Polymer is a generic name given to a vast number of materials of high molecular weight. Development of crystalline structure during the tubular film blowing of lowdensity polyethylene was investigated, using wideangle xray diffraction technique, lowangle light scattering, and.
Principles of polymer processing modelling matec web of. Modeling of structure development during polymer processing. Evaluation of structure development and stretchability. The structure development and stretchability of polypropylene pp during the stretching process were evaluated by using the light scattering, the birefringence, the small angle xray scattering saxs. Macromolecule, polymer, monomer, polymerization, statistical coil. Which process produces a branched, addition, copolymer. Melt spinning and drawing processes are probably the most fundamental procedures of polymer processing. Structure development during the meltspinning of linear. The general context of this paper is introduction of a crystallization model into 3d software dedicated to a thermomechanical description of the injectionmolding process.
In polymer processing, injection molding is second only to extrusion in terms of pro. Insitu studies of structure development during the. Nearly all polymers used in engineering are synthetic they are made by chemical processing polymers are synthesized by joining many small molecules together into very large molecules, called macromolecules, that possess a chainlike structure the small units, called monomers, are generally simple unsaturated organic molecules such as. In the past, the empirical development of new polymer grades has. Polymer processing and structure development by arthur n. Provides an uptodate, comprehensive introduction to the principles and practices of polymer morphologyillustrates. Key areas of expertise are rheology of polymers and soft tissues and structure development during polymer processing. Pdf after a brief introduction to the various types of polymers in use and the size and impact of the polymer processing industry, this overview. Structure evolution during processing of polycrystalline. Solvents can be applied to avoid high processing temperatures or to lower the viscosity.
Abstract molecular orientation and structure development during film blowing have a major effect on mechanical and physical properties of polyethylene films. The most widely used polymer processing technologies of extrusion and injection. Density polyethylene in the presence of ultrasonic oscillations during extrusion. Morphological and crystallographic textures in polyethylene blown films. Onedimensional structure is common for organic polymers. The overiding aim of this text is to illustrate how and why processing affects polymer structure development within a range of processes, and to examine the subsequent physical properties of the product the processingstructureproperty relationship. Studies of the melt spinning of polyethylene and polypropylene fibers. Inline monitoring techniques should provide data that is of sufficient time resolution and quality to be of quantitative use.
Film blowing is the main process to manufacture polymer films fig. These materials exist in countless form and numbers because of very large number and type of atoms present in their molecule. Polymer processing an overview sciencedirect topics. Comparative study of structure development in melt spinning polyolefin fibers. Structure development in semicrystalline polymers under. The objective of this work was to study the development of structure in the fiber as the polymer was transformed from. Since flow conditions during processing are closely related to the material parameters, fundamental understanding of these material parameters is crucial. The orientation of flexible chains in the melt state is well known to be determined by the stress field. Structure or microstructure development is more and more a key issue in polymer processing in view of controlling the final properties of the product. Studies on rheological behavior and structure development of high. Spectroscopic, ultrasonic and xray scattering techniques have proven invaluable to monitor structure development, composition and material properties during processing. The purpose of this study is to evaluate structure development and stretchability using an insitu observation method with a small amount of resin during the polypropylene stretching process. Polymer processing defines the structure and, hence, the performance of. The book covers structure development, theory, simulation, and processing.
Experimental studies of structure development in melt spinning of polyethylene and polypropylene fibers are described. Comparative study of structure development in melt. Structure development during polymer processing antonio m. The objective of this work was to study the development of structure in the fiber as the polymer was transformed from a molten amorphous state to a semicrystalline material, and to investigate the effects of throughput rate and takeup velocity on the structure development along the spinline. Modeling of structure development during polymer processing springerlink. In polymer processing, structure development is a key issue in mastering the final properties of the products. With a focus on structureproperty relationships, this book describes how polymer morphology affects properties and how scientists can modify them.
As such it will be assumed that all students have completed, as a prerequisite, an introduction to polymer materials course. Polyfluoroethylene, often sold as teflon, is similar in structure to polyethylene except that all the hydrogen is replaced with fluorine. Read structure development during polymer processing. Carreau, bruno vergnes, michel vincent polymer processing principles and modeling book isbn. Ftir spectroscopy, synchrotron saxs, and dynamic rheometry have been employed to monitor, insitu, structure development during the reactive processing of model flexible polyurethane foam systems. Structure development in semicrystalline polymers under processing conditions. Structure development and properties in advanced injection molding. Variations in these structural properties are affected by the conditions under which grain nucleation, growth, coarsening, coalescence, and thickening occur. Spruiell department of chemical and metallurgical engineering, the university of tennessee, knoxville, tennessee. Careful attention is given to heat transfer during cooling.
Silk is a polymer of the amino acids glycine and alanine wool is having disulphide sulphursulphur bonds to link the polymer chains together. Study of structure development during melt spinning of. A possible solution to this problem is to use reactive solvents monomers that are. This type of polymers can be either amorphous without regular structure. The kinetic results provided a plausible scenario for the development of bicontinuous twophase structure in the meltprocessed blend as follows. I diisocyanate, polyether polyol, and water and ii diisocyanate, polyether monol, and water. Organic polymer is a polymer compound built of hydrocarbon base monomer units.
A major component of structure development is crystallization, which generally occurs in complex conditions. General trends in structural evolution in polycystalline films, as a function of processing conditions and materials class, are discussed in terms of these fundamental kinetic processes. The research is aimed at bridging the gap between science and technology in the area of polymer processing and design, through the use of experimental and computational tools in the modeling of the full thermomechanical history of material elements during their formation, processing and final design, to quantitatively predict properties of. Polymer science series a may 2008, volume 50, issue 5, pp 538549 cite as modeling of structure development during polymer processing. This allows a strategic approach to the development of. Abstract deep understanding of the mechanism of structure development in polymer processing is indispensable for the improvement of the properties of final products through the designing of materials and processes. Polymer processing is defined as an engineering activity concerned with operations carried out on polymeric materials or systems to increase their utility 14. Lcst type phase behaviour and structure development. These polymers have a similar structure to the polyamides, which have the urethane carbamate group as part of the polymer backbone.
Insitu measurements of process parameters and structure development in the melt spinning and drawing processes are also an effective way for the clarification of the polymer behavior. Polymer processing may be defined as the manufacturing activity of converting raw polymeric materials into finished products of desirable shape, microstructure and properties. View enhanced pdf access article on wiley online library html view. Extrusion in this chapter, one of the most important processing techniques, namely extrusins, will be discussed in detail. The subject of polymer structure and characterization is typically a second course in polymer science. Microfibrillar reinforced composites another approach to polymer blends processing, in structure development during polymer processing eds. When cold pellets of both polymers are heated to above the glass transition temperature t g of the polymers in the extruder, dissolution starts. If this relationship has not been acquired, the stretching test must be done using a lot of time and samples. The relevance of such studies to other polymer processing operations such as film extrusion is. It is essentially dedicated to polyethylene, especially for packaging applications. Studies on rheological behavior and structure development. F f f f f f f f polyfluoroethylene amino acids, the monomers that build proteins, contain amino groups and acid groups, separated by. Thermoplastics start as regular pellets or granules and can be remelted.
Dic can be proposed as a reliable tool to understand the relationship of polymer structureprocessingproperties. This allows a strategic approach to the development of innovative products with the help of modern polymer materials. Gerrit peters, phd, is a full professor at eindhoven university of technology tue, where he is chair of theoretical and applied rheology. Pdf modeling of structure development during polymer. Pdf structure development during polymer processing. The sulphur is present due to the amino acid cysteine. Polymer science is fundamentally interdisciplinary, yet specialists in one aspect, such as chemistry or processing, frequently encounter difficulties in understanding the effects of other disciplines on their own. Sample pages polymer processing principles and modeling. This book describes clearly how polymer chemistry and polymer processing interact to affect polymer properties. Polymer processing involves three thermomechanical stages.
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